并列句基础知识

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并列句基础知识

一、 并列句的概念

1. 定义:

  • 并列句 (Compound Sentence) 是由两个或多个简单句 (Simple Sentence) 构成,并且这些简单句之间意义联系紧密,结构相互平行
  • 简单句 是指只包含一个主语和一个谓语的句子。
  • 连接并列句的词语叫做并列连词 (Coordinating Conjunctions)。

2. 例句解析:

  • 例句: The sun is shining, and the birds are singing.
  • 解析:
    • “The sun is shining” 是一个简单句,其中 “The sun” 是主语,”is shining” 是谓语。
    • “The birds are singing” 是另一个简单句,其中 “The birds” 是主语,”are singing” 是谓语。
    • 这两个简单句之间用并列连词 “and” 连接,表示并列关系,构成一个并列句。

3. 与中文对比:

  • 汉语中的并列句和英语中的并列句概念基本一致,都是由多个简单句构成,句子之间意义相关,结构对等。
  • 汉语中常用 “和、并且、而、或者” 等词语连接并列句,而英语中则使用 “and, but, or” 等并列连词。

二、 表示并列递进

序号 连词 中文释义 例句 中文释义
1 and He likes to read books, and he also enjoys watching movies. 他喜欢读书,也喜欢看电影。
2 also She is a talented musician, and she is also a skilled painter. 她是一位才华横溢的音乐家,同时也是一位技艺精湛的画家。
3 as well as 以及 The company provides training as well as job opportunities. 这家公司提供培训以及工作机会。
4 in addition 另外 In addition, the company offers excellent benefits. 此外,该公司还提供优厚的福利待遇。
5 in addition (to) 除…之外 In addition to English, she speaks French and Spanish. 除了英语,她还会说法语和西班牙语。
6 besides 此外 Besides being a great cook, he is also a talented musician. 除了是一位出色的厨师外,他还是一位才华横溢的音乐家。
7 furthermore 而且 Furthermore, the new policy will help to reduce costs. 此外,新政策将有助于降低成本。
8 moreover 此外 Moreover, the evidence clearly supports our conclusion. 此外,证据清楚地支持我们的结论。
9 not only… but also 不仅…而且 Not only did she win the race, but also she set a new record. 她不仅赢得了比赛,还创造了新的纪录。
10 not only that 不仅如此 Not only that, but he also offered to help me with my work. 不仅如此,他还主动提出帮助我完成工作。
11 to add to that 除此之外 To add to that, the service was excellent. 除此之外,服务也很周到。
12 likewise 同样地 He is a talented musician, and his brother is likewise gifted. 他是一位才华横溢的音乐家,他的兄弟也同样有天赋。
13 similarly 同样地 The two cars are very similar in design and performance. 这两款车在设计和性能上非常相似。
14 nor 也不 He doesn’t smoke, nor does he drink. 他不抽烟,也不喝酒。
15 both…and …和…都 Both my brother and I enjoy playing basketball. 我哥哥和我都喜欢打篮球。
16 either…or 要么…要么 You can either stay here or come with us. 你可以留在这里,也可以跟我们走。
17 neither…nor 既不…也不 Neither my brother nor I have ever been to Europe. 我哥哥和我都没有去过欧洲。
18 not to mention 更不用说 The hotel has a swimming pool, not to mention a spa and gym. 这家酒店有一个游泳池,更不用说水疗中心和健身房了。
19 along with 以及 She enjoys reading, along with listening to music. 她喜欢读书,也喜欢听音乐。

三、 表示转折

序号 连词 中文释义 例句 中文释义
1 but 但是 He is very wealthy, but he is not happy. 他很富有,但他并不快乐。
2 however 然而 I understand your point of view; however, I disagree. 我理解你的观点,但我不同意。
3 yet 然而 He worked hard, yet he failed. 他努力工作,却失败了。
4 although 虽然 Although it was raining, we went for a walk. 虽然下着雨,我们还是去散步了。
5 though 虽然 He is a good student, though he sometimes makes mistakes. 他是个好学生,虽然他有时也会犯错。
6 despite 尽管 Despite the traffic, we arrived on time. 尽管交通拥堵,我们还是准时到达了。
7 in spite of 尽管 In spite of the difficulties, they managed to succeed. 尽管困难重重,他们还是设法取得了成功。
8 whereas 然而 He is very outgoing, whereas his brother is quite shy. 他很外向,而他哥哥却很害羞。
9 on the other hand 另一方面 On the one hand, I want to travel the world. On the other hand, I need to save money. 一方面,我想环游世界。另一方面,我需要存钱。
10 nonetheless 尽管如此 The movie was long; nonetheless, it was enjoyable. 这部电影很长,但它仍然很有趣。
11 nevertheless 尽管如此 Nevertheless, I decided to give it a try. 尽管如此,我还是决定试一试。
12 still 仍然 He was tired, still he kept working. 他很累,但他仍然继续工作。
13 while I like to drink coffee, while my friend prefers tea. 我喜欢喝咖啡,而我的朋友更喜欢喝茶。

四、 表示因果

序号 连词 中文释义 例句 中文释义
1 because 因为 He was late because he missed the bus. 他迟到了,因为他错过了公共汽车。
2 since 既然 Since you’re here, let’s have dinner together. 既然你在这里,我们就一起吃晚饭吧。
3 as 由于 As it was getting late, we decided to go home. 由于时间越来越晚,我们决定回家。
4 so 所以 He was tired, so he went to bed early. 他累了,所以早早就睡了。
5 therefore 因此 The traffic was heavy; therefore, we arrived late. 交通拥堵,因此我们迟到了。
6 consequently 因此 She didn’t study for the test; consequently, she failed. 她没有为考试而学习,因此她不及格。
7 thus 因此 He studied hard, and thus he passed the exam. 他努力学习,因此通过了考试。
8 due to 由于 The flight was cancelled due to bad weather. 由于天气恶劣,航班被取消了。
9 owing to 由于 Owing to his hard work, he was promoted. 由于他的努力工作,他被提升了。
10 for 因为 I went to bed early, for I was tired. 我早早地睡觉了,因为我累了。
11 as a result 结果 He didn’t study for the exam; as a result, he failed. 他没有为考试而学习,结果他不及格。
12 in view of 鉴于 In view of the circumstances, we decided to postpone the meeting. 鉴于这种情况,我们决定推迟会议。
13 thanks to 多亏了 Thanks to your help, I was able to finish the project on time. 多亏了你的帮助,我才能够按时完成项目。
14 on account of 因为 The game was cancelled on account of the rain. 比赛因下雨而取消了。

五、 表示选择

序号 连词 中文释义 例句 中文释义
1 either…or 要么…要么 You can either stay here or come with us. 你可以留在这里,也可以跟我们走。
2 neither…nor 既不…也不 Neither my brother nor I have ever been to Europe. 我哥哥和我都没有去过欧洲。
3 or 或者 Do you want tea or coffee? 你想喝茶还是咖啡?
4 whether…or 不管…还是 Whether you like it or not, it’s the truth. 不管你喜欢与否,这就是事实。
5 alternatively 或者;作为选择 We could drive, or alternatively, we could take the train. 我们可以开车,或者,我们可以坐火车。
6 on the one hand…on the other hand 一方面…另一方面 On the one hand, I want to travel the world. On the other hand, I need to save money. 一方面,我想环游世界。另一方面,我需要存钱。
7 instead 相反 He didn’t go to school today; instead, he stayed home sick. 他今天没去上学,而是生病在家休息。
8 else 否则 Hurry up, else you’ll be late! 快点,否则你就要迟到了!
9 otherwise 否则 You should study hard, otherwise you will fail the exam. 你应该努力学习,否则你会考试不及格。

六、 并列句和从句的区别

类别 特征 例句 例句解析
并列句 由并列连词连接两个或多个*独立的简单句。 I like coffee, and my friend likes tea. “I like coffee” 和 “my friend likes tea” 都是完整的句子,可以独立存在,由并列连词 “and” 连接构成并列句。
从句 由从属连词引导,*依赖于主句,不能独立存在。从句在复合句中承担特定句子成分,如名词性从句可以充当主语、宾语、表语等,形容词性从句可以充当定语,副词性从句可以充当状语。 Because it was raining, we decided to stay home. “Because it was raining” 是由从属连词 “because” 引导的原因状语从句,不能独立存在,需要依附于主句 “we decided to stay home”。
名词性从句 在句子中起到*名词的作用,可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语。 That he is innocent is obvious. (主语从句) “That he is innocent” 在句子中作主语,是一个名词性从句,不能独立成句。
形容词性从句 也称为定语从句,修饰名词或代词,起*形容词的作用。 The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting. (定语从句) “that I borrowed from the library” 修饰名词 “book”,是一个形容词性从句,不能独立成句。
副词性从句 也称为状语从句,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,起*副词的作用。 Although he is young, he is very responsible. (让步状语从句) “Although he is young” 修饰整个句子,是一个副词性从句,不能独立成句。

七、 易考知识点整理

1. 汉语“因为…所以…”和英语的差异

  • 汉语中可以使用 “因为…所以…” 表达因果关系,但在英语中,只能使用其中一个连词错误: Because he was sick, so he didn’t go to school.
    正确: Because he was sick, he didn’t go to school.
    正确: He was sick, so he didn’t go to school.

2. while 和 when 的区别

  • while 连接的动词必须是延续性动词,表示两个动作同时发生。
  • when 连接的动词可以是延续性动词,也可以是短暂性动词例句:
    • While I was studying, he was watching TV. (study是延续性动词,watch TV是延续性动词)
    • When I arrived, he was watching TV. (arrive是短暂性动词,watch TV是延续性动词)

3. when 和 while 在定语从句中的用法

  • when 可以在定语从句中作时间状语。
  • while 不能用在定语从句中。例句:
    • I remember the day when I first met her. (when引导定语从句,修饰”the day”)
    • (错误) I remember the day while I was studying in the library.

4. while 表示对比

  • while 可以用来表示两个不同情况的对比例句:
    • He likes to stay up late, while I prefer to go to bed early. (他喜欢熬夜,而我更喜欢早睡。)

5. be about to 和 when 的搭配

  • be about to 表示即将发生的动作,常与 when 搭配使用。例句:
    • I was about to leave when the phone rang. (我正要离开,这时电话响了。)

6. 否定句中并列用 or

  • 英语中,否定句中的并列关系通常用 or 连接。例句:
    • He doesn’t like apples or bananas. (他不喜欢苹果也不喜欢香蕉。)

7. “5个但是”用法比较

连词 用法 例句
but 最常用的表示转折的连词,语气较轻 The car is old, but it still runs well. (这辆车很旧了,但它还能跑)
however 比 but 语气更强,一般用分号或句号与前句隔开,后面通常有逗号 I understand your concerns; however, I believe we should proceed with the plan. (我理解你的担忧;然而,我认为我们应该继续执行这个计划。)
yet 语气比 but 强,比 however 弱,多用于书面语,后面通常不用逗号 He worked hard, yet he failed to achieve his goals. (他努力工作,却没有实现他的目标。)
though 语气最弱,可以放在句首或句中,后面通常不用逗号 Though he is young, he is very responsible. (虽然他还年轻,但他非常负责任。)
still 表示“尽管如此,仍然”,语气较强,通常放在句首或句中,后面通常有逗号 He was very tired; still, he continued working. (他很累,但他仍然继续工作。)

8. as well as 和 not only…but also 的比较

特点 as well as not only…but also
语气 语气较弱,强调前一项 语气较强,强调后一项
结构 连接两个并列成分,如名词、动词、形容词等 连接两个并列的句子成分,如主语、谓语、宾语等
倒装 不需要倒装 当 not only 位于句首时,其后的句子成分需要倒装
例句 He enjoys reading as well as writing. (他喜欢阅读,也喜欢写作。) Not only does he enjoy reading, but also he is a talented writer. (他不仅喜欢阅读,而且还是一位有才华的作家。)

9. 连词多义现象

  • 许多连词具有多种含义,例如:
    • while 可以表示时间的同时性,也可以表示对比关系。
    • since 可以表示时间,也可以表示原因。
    • for 可以表示原因,也可以引导并列句,表示补充说明。

10. 英语句子结构的铁律

  • 一个简单句有且只有一个谓语动词
  • 如果一个句子中有两个或多个谓语动词,那么它要么是并列句,要么包含从句。

八、 连接词的多重身份

有些引导词既可以引导状语从句,也可以引导名词性从句或定语从句,甚至作为并列句的连接词,但在不同从句、并列句中具有不同的含义。

含义差异总结

  • 状语从句:提供背景信息,回答“何时”、“何因”、“何地”、“何种条件”等问题,修饰主句。
  • 名词性从句:在句中起名词的作用,表达一个完整的思想,通常作为主语或宾语。
  • 定语从句:修饰名词或代词,提供附加信息,强调特定细节。
引导词 状语从句用法 名词性从句用法 定语从句用法 并列句用法
when 表示时间:When it rains, I stay indoors.(当下雨时,我呆在室内。) 引导主语或宾语:I remember when you called me.(我记得你打电话的时间。) 修饰名词:I will never forget the day when we met.(我永远不会忘记我们相遇的那天。)
if 表示条件:If it rains, we will stay home.(如果下雨,我们会呆在家。) 引导宾语:I don’t know if he will come.(我不知道他是否会来。) 连接选择关系:You can go if you want.(你可以走,如果你想的话。)
that 引导主语或宾语:That he is right is clear.(他是对的这一点很明显。) 修饰名词:The book that you lent me was fascinating.(你借给我的那本书很吸引人。)
as 表示时间、原因、方式:As I was leaving, it started to rain.(当我离开时,开始下雨。) 修饰名词:She is not as tall as her brother.(她没有她哥哥高。) 表示对比或并列关系:He is a doctor, and she is an engineer.(他是医生,而她是工程师。)
where 表示地点:Where there is a will, there is a way.(有志者事竟成。) 引导宾语:I don’t know where he went.(我不知道他去了哪里。) 修饰名词:This is the place where we met.(这是我们见面的地方。)
as long as 表示条件:You can stay as long as you finish your homework.(只要你完成作业,你就可以留着。) 较少用法:I don’t mind as long as it doesn’t rain.(只要不下雨,我不介意。) 连接条件相关句子:You can come, as long as you’re quiet.(只要你安静,你就可以来。)
since 表示时间或原因:Since it was raining, we stayed indoors.(因为下雨,我们呆在室内。) 引导宾语:I don’t know since when he has been gone.(我不知道他从什么时候开始不在了。) 修饰名词:The reason since we left early was to avoid traffic.(我们早离开的原因是为了避开交通。)
like 比较:She sings like an angel.(她唱得像天使一样。) 修饰名词:I like people like her.(我喜欢像她这样的人。) 连接相关句子:I enjoy hiking, like my brother.(我喜欢远足,就像我兄弟一样。)
as if/ as though 表示假设:She acts as if she knows everything.(她表现得好像她什么都知道。) 不常用:It seems as if he has lost interest.(看起来他失去了兴趣。)
whether 引导主语或宾语:I don’t know whether he will come.(我不知道他是否会来。) 修饰名词:The question whether we should go is still open.(我们是否应该去的问题仍未解决。)
after 表示时间:After I finish my homework, I will watch TV.(我完成作业后会看电视。) 引导时间内容:I don’t remember after what time he left.(我不记得他是什么时候离开的。) 较少用法:This is the day after which everything changed.(这就是一切都改变的那一天。)
before 表示时间:Before you leave, please turn off the lights.(在你离开之前,请关掉灯。) 引导时间内容:I can’t remember before when we met.(我不记得我们是什么时候见面的。) 较少用法:The moment before I fell, I saw the ground.(在我摔倒的那一刻,我看到了地面。)
wherever 表示地点或范围:Wherever you go, I will follow.(无论你去哪里,我都会跟随。) 不常用:I want to know wherever he has been.(我想知道他去过哪里。) 较少用法:This is a place wherever you can find peace.(这是一个你可以找到宁静的地方。)
who 不常用:He behaves who he wants to be.(他表现得像他想要成为的那样。) 引导主语或宾语:Who comes to the party is up to you.(谁来参加聚会由你决定。) 修饰人:She is the one who called you.(她就是给你打电话的那个人。)
which 不常用:- 引导名词性内容:I don’t know which book to choose.(我不知道该选哪本书。) 修饰名词:This is the book which I borrowed.(这是我借的那本书。)
so that 表示目的:I study hard so that I can pass the exam.(我努力学习以便能通过考试。) 不常用:The purpose so that we can improve is clear.(为了我们能提高的目的很明确。)
unless 表示条件:I won’t go unless you come with me.(除非你和我一起去,否则我不去。) 不常用:I don’t know unless you tell me.(除非你告诉我,我不知道。)
although / though 表示让步:Although it was raining, we went for a walk.(尽管下雨,我们还是去散步。) 不常用:I don’t know although you’ve told me.(尽管你告诉我,我还是不知道。)
as far as 表示范围:As far as I know, he is coming to the party.(就我所知,他会来参加聚会。) 不常用:I’m not sure as far as what you said.(就你说的内容我不太确定。)
in case 表示条件:Take an umbrella in case it rains.(带上伞,以防下雨。) 不常用:I will let you know in case there is a change.(如果有变化,我会通知你。)
provided that 表示条件:You can go out provided that you finish your homework.(只要你完成作业,你就可以出去。) 不常用:Provided that you agree, I will proceed.(只要你同意,我就会继续。)
if only 表示愿望:If only I were rich!(要是我有钱就好了!) 引导愿望内容:I wish if only he would come.(我希望他能来。)
no matter 表示让步:No matter how hard it is, I will try.(无论多难,我都会尝试。) 不常用:No matter how late it gets, we will wait.(无论多晚,我们都会等。)
as soon as 表示时间:I will call you as soon as I arrive.(我一到就给你打电话。) 不常用:I don’t know as soon as I will arrive.(我不知道我什么时候会到。)

九、 补充简单句的语法知识点

简单句除了上述功能之外,还有以下语法知识点需要注意:

  • 主谓一致: 主语和谓语在人称和数上必须保持一致。
  • 时态: 要根据时间状语和上下文语境选择正确的时态。
  • 语态: 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
  • 倒装句: 将句子的语序进行调整,以达到强调或修辞效果。

希望以上解释能够帮助你更好地理解英语中的并列句。

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