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并列句基础知识
一、 并列句的概念
1. 定义:
- 并列句 (Compound Sentence) 是由两个或多个简单句 (Simple Sentence) 构成,并且这些简单句之间意义联系紧密,结构相互平行。
- 简单句 是指只包含一个主语和一个谓语的句子。
- 连接并列句的词语叫做并列连词 (Coordinating Conjunctions)。
2. 例句解析:
- 例句: The sun is shining, and the birds are singing.
- 解析:
- “The sun is shining” 是一个简单句,其中 “The sun” 是主语,”is shining” 是谓语。
- “The birds are singing” 是另一个简单句,其中 “The birds” 是主语,”are singing” 是谓语。
- 这两个简单句之间用并列连词 “and” 连接,表示并列关系,构成一个并列句。
3. 与中文对比:
- 汉语中的并列句和英语中的并列句概念基本一致,都是由多个简单句构成,句子之间意义相关,结构对等。
- 汉语中常用 “和、并且、而、或者” 等词语连接并列句,而英语中则使用 “and, but, or” 等并列连词。
二、 表示并列递进
序号 | 连词 | 中文释义 | 例句 | 中文释义 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | and | 和 | He likes to read books, and he also enjoys watching movies. | 他喜欢读书,也喜欢看电影。 |
2 | also | 也 | She is a talented musician, and she is also a skilled painter. | 她是一位才华横溢的音乐家,同时也是一位技艺精湛的画家。 |
3 | as well as | 以及 | The company provides training as well as job opportunities. | 这家公司提供培训以及工作机会。 |
4 | in addition | 另外 | In addition, the company offers excellent benefits. | 此外,该公司还提供优厚的福利待遇。 |
5 | in addition (to) | 除…之外 | In addition to English, she speaks French and Spanish. | 除了英语,她还会说法语和西班牙语。 |
6 | besides | 此外 | Besides being a great cook, he is also a talented musician. | 除了是一位出色的厨师外,他还是一位才华横溢的音乐家。 |
7 | furthermore | 而且 | Furthermore, the new policy will help to reduce costs. | 此外,新政策将有助于降低成本。 |
8 | moreover | 此外 | Moreover, the evidence clearly supports our conclusion. | 此外,证据清楚地支持我们的结论。 |
9 | not only… but also | 不仅…而且 | Not only did she win the race, but also she set a new record. | 她不仅赢得了比赛,还创造了新的纪录。 |
10 | not only that | 不仅如此 | Not only that, but he also offered to help me with my work. | 不仅如此,他还主动提出帮助我完成工作。 |
11 | to add to that | 除此之外 | To add to that, the service was excellent. | 除此之外,服务也很周到。 |
12 | likewise | 同样地 | He is a talented musician, and his brother is likewise gifted. | 他是一位才华横溢的音乐家,他的兄弟也同样有天赋。 |
13 | similarly | 同样地 | The two cars are very similar in design and performance. | 这两款车在设计和性能上非常相似。 |
14 | nor | 也不 | He doesn’t smoke, nor does he drink. | 他不抽烟,也不喝酒。 |
15 | both…and | …和…都 | Both my brother and I enjoy playing basketball. | 我哥哥和我都喜欢打篮球。 |
16 | either…or | 要么…要么 | You can either stay here or come with us. | 你可以留在这里,也可以跟我们走。 |
17 | neither…nor | 既不…也不 | Neither my brother nor I have ever been to Europe. | 我哥哥和我都没有去过欧洲。 |
18 | not to mention | 更不用说 | The hotel has a swimming pool, not to mention a spa and gym. | 这家酒店有一个游泳池,更不用说水疗中心和健身房了。 |
19 | along with | 以及 | She enjoys reading, along with listening to music. | 她喜欢读书,也喜欢听音乐。 |
三、 表示转折
序号 | 连词 | 中文释义 | 例句 | 中文释义 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | but | 但是 | He is very wealthy, but he is not happy. | 他很富有,但他并不快乐。 |
2 | however | 然而 | I understand your point of view; however, I disagree. | 我理解你的观点,但我不同意。 |
3 | yet | 然而 | He worked hard, yet he failed. | 他努力工作,却失败了。 |
4 | although | 虽然 | Although it was raining, we went for a walk. | 虽然下着雨,我们还是去散步了。 |
5 | though | 虽然 | He is a good student, though he sometimes makes mistakes. | 他是个好学生,虽然他有时也会犯错。 |
6 | despite | 尽管 | Despite the traffic, we arrived on time. | 尽管交通拥堵,我们还是准时到达了。 |
7 | in spite of | 尽管 | In spite of the difficulties, they managed to succeed. | 尽管困难重重,他们还是设法取得了成功。 |
8 | whereas | 然而 | He is very outgoing, whereas his brother is quite shy. | 他很外向,而他哥哥却很害羞。 |
9 | on the other hand | 另一方面 | On the one hand, I want to travel the world. On the other hand, I need to save money. | 一方面,我想环游世界。另一方面,我需要存钱。 |
10 | nonetheless | 尽管如此 | The movie was long; nonetheless, it was enjoyable. | 这部电影很长,但它仍然很有趣。 |
11 | nevertheless | 尽管如此 | Nevertheless, I decided to give it a try. | 尽管如此,我还是决定试一试。 |
12 | still | 仍然 | He was tired, still he kept working. | 他很累,但他仍然继续工作。 |
13 | while | 而 | I like to drink coffee, while my friend prefers tea. | 我喜欢喝咖啡,而我的朋友更喜欢喝茶。 |
四、 表示因果
序号 | 连词 | 中文释义 | 例句 | 中文释义 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | because | 因为 | He was late because he missed the bus. | 他迟到了,因为他错过了公共汽车。 |
2 | since | 既然 | Since you’re here, let’s have dinner together. | 既然你在这里,我们就一起吃晚饭吧。 |
3 | as | 由于 | As it was getting late, we decided to go home. | 由于时间越来越晚,我们决定回家。 |
4 | so | 所以 | He was tired, so he went to bed early. | 他累了,所以早早就睡了。 |
5 | therefore | 因此 | The traffic was heavy; therefore, we arrived late. | 交通拥堵,因此我们迟到了。 |
6 | consequently | 因此 | She didn’t study for the test; consequently, she failed. | 她没有为考试而学习,因此她不及格。 |
7 | thus | 因此 | He studied hard, and thus he passed the exam. | 他努力学习,因此通过了考试。 |
8 | due to | 由于 | The flight was cancelled due to bad weather. | 由于天气恶劣,航班被取消了。 |
9 | owing to | 由于 | Owing to his hard work, he was promoted. | 由于他的努力工作,他被提升了。 |
10 | for | 因为 | I went to bed early, for I was tired. | 我早早地睡觉了,因为我累了。 |
11 | as a result | 结果 | He didn’t study for the exam; as a result, he failed. | 他没有为考试而学习,结果他不及格。 |
12 | in view of | 鉴于 | In view of the circumstances, we decided to postpone the meeting. | 鉴于这种情况,我们决定推迟会议。 |
13 | thanks to | 多亏了 | Thanks to your help, I was able to finish the project on time. | 多亏了你的帮助,我才能够按时完成项目。 |
14 | on account of | 因为 | The game was cancelled on account of the rain. | 比赛因下雨而取消了。 |
五、 表示选择
序号 | 连词 | 中文释义 | 例句 | 中文释义 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | either…or | 要么…要么 | You can either stay here or come with us. | 你可以留在这里,也可以跟我们走。 |
2 | neither…nor | 既不…也不 | Neither my brother nor I have ever been to Europe. | 我哥哥和我都没有去过欧洲。 |
3 | or | 或者 | Do you want tea or coffee? | 你想喝茶还是咖啡? |
4 | whether…or | 不管…还是 | Whether you like it or not, it’s the truth. | 不管你喜欢与否,这就是事实。 |
5 | alternatively | 或者;作为选择 | We could drive, or alternatively, we could take the train. | 我们可以开车,或者,我们可以坐火车。 |
6 | on the one hand…on the other hand | 一方面…另一方面 | On the one hand, I want to travel the world. On the other hand, I need to save money. | 一方面,我想环游世界。另一方面,我需要存钱。 |
7 | instead | 相反 | He didn’t go to school today; instead, he stayed home sick. | 他今天没去上学,而是生病在家休息。 |
8 | else | 否则 | Hurry up, else you’ll be late! | 快点,否则你就要迟到了! |
9 | otherwise | 否则 | You should study hard, otherwise you will fail the exam. | 你应该努力学习,否则你会考试不及格。 |
六、 并列句和从句的区别
类别 | 特征 | 例句 | 例句解析 |
---|---|---|---|
并列句 | 由并列连词连接两个或多个*独立的简单句。 | I like coffee, and my friend likes tea. | “I like coffee” 和 “my friend likes tea” 都是完整的句子,可以独立存在,由并列连词 “and” 连接构成并列句。 |
从句 | 由从属连词引导,*依赖于主句,不能独立存在。从句在复合句中承担特定句子成分,如名词性从句可以充当主语、宾语、表语等,形容词性从句可以充当定语,副词性从句可以充当状语。 | Because it was raining, we decided to stay home. | “Because it was raining” 是由从属连词 “because” 引导的原因状语从句,不能独立存在,需要依附于主句 “we decided to stay home”。 |
名词性从句 | 在句子中起到*名词的作用,可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语。 | That he is innocent is obvious. (主语从句) | “That he is innocent” 在句子中作主语,是一个名词性从句,不能独立成句。 |
形容词性从句 | 也称为定语从句,修饰名词或代词,起*形容词的作用。 | The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting. (定语从句) | “that I borrowed from the library” 修饰名词 “book”,是一个形容词性从句,不能独立成句。 |
副词性从句 | 也称为状语从句,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,起*副词的作用。 | Although he is young, he is very responsible. (让步状语从句) | “Although he is young” 修饰整个句子,是一个副词性从句,不能独立成句。 |
七、 易考知识点整理
1. 汉语“因为…所以…”和英语的差异
- 汉语中可以使用 “因为…所以…” 表达因果关系,但在英语中,只能使用其中一个连词。错误: Because he was sick, so he didn’t go to school.
正确: Because he was sick, he didn’t go to school.
正确: He was sick, so he didn’t go to school.
2. while 和 when 的区别
- while 连接的动词必须是延续性动词,表示两个动作同时发生。
- when 连接的动词可以是延续性动词,也可以是短暂性动词。例句:
- While I was studying, he was watching TV. (study是延续性动词,watch TV是延续性动词)
- When I arrived, he was watching TV. (arrive是短暂性动词,watch TV是延续性动词)
3. when 和 while 在定语从句中的用法
- when 可以在定语从句中作时间状语。
- while 不能用在定语从句中。例句:
- I remember the day when I first met her. (when引导定语从句,修饰”the day”)
- (错误) I remember the day while I was studying in the library.
4. while 表示对比
- while 可以用来表示两个不同情况的对比。例句:
- He likes to stay up late, while I prefer to go to bed early. (他喜欢熬夜,而我更喜欢早睡。)
5. be about to 和 when 的搭配
- be about to 表示即将发生的动作,常与 when 搭配使用。例句:
- I was about to leave when the phone rang. (我正要离开,这时电话响了。)
6. 否定句中并列用 or
- 英语中,否定句中的并列关系通常用 or 连接。例句:
- He doesn’t like apples or bananas. (他不喜欢苹果也不喜欢香蕉。)
7. “5个但是”用法比较
连词 | 用法 | 例句 |
---|---|---|
but | 最常用的表示转折的连词,语气较轻 | The car is old, but it still runs well. (这辆车很旧了,但它还能跑) |
however | 比 but 语气更强,一般用分号或句号与前句隔开,后面通常有逗号 | I understand your concerns; however, I believe we should proceed with the plan. (我理解你的担忧;然而,我认为我们应该继续执行这个计划。) |
yet | 语气比 but 强,比 however 弱,多用于书面语,后面通常不用逗号 | He worked hard, yet he failed to achieve his goals. (他努力工作,却没有实现他的目标。) |
though | 语气最弱,可以放在句首或句中,后面通常不用逗号 | Though he is young, he is very responsible. (虽然他还年轻,但他非常负责任。) |
still | 表示“尽管如此,仍然”,语气较强,通常放在句首或句中,后面通常有逗号 | He was very tired; still, he continued working. (他很累,但他仍然继续工作。) |
8. as well as 和 not only…but also 的比较
特点 | as well as | not only…but also |
---|---|---|
语气 | 语气较弱,强调前一项 | 语气较强,强调后一项 |
结构 | 连接两个并列成分,如名词、动词、形容词等 | 连接两个并列的句子成分,如主语、谓语、宾语等 |
倒装 | 不需要倒装 | 当 not only 位于句首时,其后的句子成分需要倒装 |
例句 | He enjoys reading as well as writing. (他喜欢阅读,也喜欢写作。) | Not only does he enjoy reading, but also he is a talented writer. (他不仅喜欢阅读,而且还是一位有才华的作家。) |
9. 连词多义现象
- 许多连词具有多种含义,例如:
- while 可以表示时间的同时性,也可以表示对比关系。
- since 可以表示时间,也可以表示原因。
- for 可以表示原因,也可以引导并列句,表示补充说明。
10. 英语句子结构的铁律
- 一个简单句有且只有一个谓语动词。
- 如果一个句子中有两个或多个谓语动词,那么它要么是并列句,要么包含从句。
八、 连接词的多重身份
有些引导词既可以引导状语从句,也可以引导名词性从句或定语从句,甚至作为并列句的连接词,但在不同从句、并列句中具有不同的含义。
含义差异总结
- 状语从句:提供背景信息,回答“何时”、“何因”、“何地”、“何种条件”等问题,修饰主句。
- 名词性从句:在句中起名词的作用,表达一个完整的思想,通常作为主语或宾语。
- 定语从句:修饰名词或代词,提供附加信息,强调特定细节。
引导词 | 状语从句用法 | 名词性从句用法 | 定语从句用法 | 并列句用法 |
---|---|---|---|---|
when | 表示时间:When it rains, I stay indoors.(当下雨时,我呆在室内。) | 引导主语或宾语:I remember when you called me.(我记得你打电话的时间。) | 修饰名词:I will never forget the day when we met.(我永远不会忘记我们相遇的那天。) | – |
if | 表示条件:If it rains, we will stay home.(如果下雨,我们会呆在家。) | 引导宾语:I don’t know if he will come.(我不知道他是否会来。) | – | 连接选择关系:You can go if you want.(你可以走,如果你想的话。) |
that | – | 引导主语或宾语:That he is right is clear.(他是对的这一点很明显。) | 修饰名词:The book that you lent me was fascinating.(你借给我的那本书很吸引人。) | – |
as | 表示时间、原因、方式:As I was leaving, it started to rain.(当我离开时,开始下雨。) | – | 修饰名词:She is not as tall as her brother.(她没有她哥哥高。) | 表示对比或并列关系:He is a doctor, and she is an engineer.(他是医生,而她是工程师。) |
where | 表示地点:Where there is a will, there is a way.(有志者事竟成。) | 引导宾语:I don’t know where he went.(我不知道他去了哪里。) | 修饰名词:This is the place where we met.(这是我们见面的地方。) | – |
as long as | 表示条件:You can stay as long as you finish your homework.(只要你完成作业,你就可以留着。) | 较少用法:I don’t mind as long as it doesn’t rain.(只要不下雨,我不介意。) | – | 连接条件相关句子:You can come, as long as you’re quiet.(只要你安静,你就可以来。) |
since | 表示时间或原因:Since it was raining, we stayed indoors.(因为下雨,我们呆在室内。) | 引导宾语:I don’t know since when he has been gone.(我不知道他从什么时候开始不在了。) | 修饰名词:The reason since we left early was to avoid traffic.(我们早离开的原因是为了避开交通。) | – |
like | 比较:She sings like an angel.(她唱得像天使一样。) | 修饰名词:I like people like her.(我喜欢像她这样的人。) | – | 连接相关句子:I enjoy hiking, like my brother.(我喜欢远足,就像我兄弟一样。) |
as if/ as though | 表示假设:She acts as if she knows everything.(她表现得好像她什么都知道。) | 不常用:It seems as if he has lost interest.(看起来他失去了兴趣。) | – | – |
whether | – | 引导主语或宾语:I don’t know whether he will come.(我不知道他是否会来。) | 修饰名词:The question whether we should go is still open.(我们是否应该去的问题仍未解决。) | – |
after | 表示时间:After I finish my homework, I will watch TV.(我完成作业后会看电视。) | 引导时间内容:I don’t remember after what time he left.(我不记得他是什么时候离开的。) | 较少用法:This is the day after which everything changed.(这就是一切都改变的那一天。) | – |
before | 表示时间:Before you leave, please turn off the lights.(在你离开之前,请关掉灯。) | 引导时间内容:I can’t remember before when we met.(我不记得我们是什么时候见面的。) | 较少用法:The moment before I fell, I saw the ground.(在我摔倒的那一刻,我看到了地面。) | – |
wherever | 表示地点或范围:Wherever you go, I will follow.(无论你去哪里,我都会跟随。) | 不常用:I want to know wherever he has been.(我想知道他去过哪里。) | 较少用法:This is a place wherever you can find peace.(这是一个你可以找到宁静的地方。) | – |
who | 不常用:He behaves who he wants to be.(他表现得像他想要成为的那样。) | 引导主语或宾语:Who comes to the party is up to you.(谁来参加聚会由你决定。) | 修饰人:She is the one who called you.(她就是给你打电话的那个人。) | – |
which | 不常用:- | 引导名词性内容:I don’t know which book to choose.(我不知道该选哪本书。) | 修饰名词:This is the book which I borrowed.(这是我借的那本书。) | – |
so that | 表示目的:I study hard so that I can pass the exam.(我努力学习以便能通过考试。) | 不常用:The purpose so that we can improve is clear.(为了我们能提高的目的很明确。) | – | – |
unless | 表示条件:I won’t go unless you come with me.(除非你和我一起去,否则我不去。) | 不常用:I don’t know unless you tell me.(除非你告诉我,我不知道。) | – | – |
although / though | 表示让步:Although it was raining, we went for a walk.(尽管下雨,我们还是去散步。) | 不常用:I don’t know although you’ve told me.(尽管你告诉我,我还是不知道。) | – | – |
as far as | 表示范围:As far as I know, he is coming to the party.(就我所知,他会来参加聚会。) | 不常用:I’m not sure as far as what you said.(就你说的内容我不太确定。) | – | – |
in case | 表示条件:Take an umbrella in case it rains.(带上伞,以防下雨。) | 不常用:I will let you know in case there is a change.(如果有变化,我会通知你。) | – | – |
provided that | 表示条件:You can go out provided that you finish your homework.(只要你完成作业,你就可以出去。) | 不常用:Provided that you agree, I will proceed.(只要你同意,我就会继续。) | – | – |
if only | 表示愿望:If only I were rich!(要是我有钱就好了!) | 引导愿望内容:I wish if only he would come.(我希望他能来。) | – | – |
no matter | 表示让步:No matter how hard it is, I will try.(无论多难,我都会尝试。) | 不常用:No matter how late it gets, we will wait.(无论多晚,我们都会等。) | – | – |
as soon as | 表示时间:I will call you as soon as I arrive.(我一到就给你打电话。) | 不常用:I don’t know as soon as I will arrive.(我不知道我什么时候会到。) | – | – |
九、 补充简单句的语法知识点
简单句除了上述功能之外,还有以下语法知识点需要注意:
- 主谓一致: 主语和谓语在人称和数上必须保持一致。
- 时态: 要根据时间状语和上下文语境选择正确的时态。
- 语态: 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
- 倒装句: 将句子的语序进行调整,以达到强调或修辞效果。
希望以上解释能够帮助你更好地理解英语中的并列句。
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