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代词基础知识
一、什么是代词?
在英语中,代词 (Pronoun) 是一种用来代替名词或名词短语的词。它可以避免重复使用同一个名词,使句子更简洁流畅。
例子:
- 名词:The cat is sleeping on the sofa.
代词: It is sleeping on the sofa. (it 代替 the cat) - 名词: My parents are both doctors.
代词: They are both doctors. (they 代替 my parents)
二、代词的种类
英语中的代词有很多种,以下是常见的分类:
种类 | 说明 | 例子 |
---|---|---|
人称代词 | 用于指代人或事物的代词,有人称、数和格的变化。 | I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her… |
物主代词 | 用于表示所属关系的代词。 | my, your, his, her, its, our, their, mine, yours… |
反身代词 | 用于指代主语自身的代词,强调动作的发出者和承受者为同一人或事物。 | myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself… |
指示代词 | 用于指示特定的人或事物的代词。 | this, that, these, those |
疑问代词 | 用于引导特殊疑问句的代词。 | who, whom, whose, which, what |
不定代词 | 用于指代不确定的人或事物的代词。 | some, any, one, all, both, many, much, few, little… |
关系代词 | 引导定语从句,并在从句中代替先行词的代词。 | who, whom, whose, which, that |
三、各种代词的用法
1. 人称代词 (Personal Pronouns)
人称代词的格是指代词在句中充当的成分,分为主格、宾格和所有格三种:
- 主格: 作主语,位于动词之前。
- 宾格: 作宾语,位于动词或介词之后。
- 所有格: 表示所属关系,相当于形容词性物主代词 + 名词。
人称代词表格:
人称 | 主格 | 宾格 | 所有格 | 所有格代词 |
---|---|---|---|---|
第一人称单数 | I | me | my | mine |
第一人称复数 | we | us | our | ours |
第二人称单数 | you | you | your | yours |
第二人称复数 | you | you | your | yours |
第三人称单数 | he | him | his | his |
第三人称单数 | she | her | her | hers |
第三人称单数 | it | it | its | its |
第三人称复数 | they | them | their | theirs |
例句:
- He is my brother. (主格)
- I like her very much. (宾格)
- This is his book. (所有格)
易错点:
- 主格和宾格的混淆: 应根据代词在句子中充当的成分选择正确的格。
- it 的特殊用法: it 可以指代天气、时间、距离等,还可以作形式主语或形式宾语。
2. 物主代词 (Possessive Pronouns)
物主代词表示所属关系,分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种:
类型 | 说明 | 例子 |
---|---|---|
形容词性物主代词 | 后面必须接名词,相当于形容词的作用。 | my book, your car, his house, her dress… |
名词性物主代词 | 相当于形容词性物主代词 + 名词,后面不能再接名词。 | This book is mine. (mine = my book) |
例句:
- This is my pen. (形容词性物主代词)
- This pen is mine. (名词性物主代词)
易错点:
- its 和 it’s 的混淆: its 是物主代词,it’s 是 it is 的缩写。
- 形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的区分: 形容词性物主代词后面必须接名词,而名词性物主代词后面不能接名词。
3. 反身代词 (Reflexive Pronouns)
反身代词表示动作的发出者和承受者为同一人或事物,常用在强调句型中。
反身代词表格:
人称 | 单数 | 复数 |
---|---|---|
第一人称 | myself | ourselves |
第二人称 | yourself | yourselves |
第三人称 | himself | themselves |
第三人称 | herself | themselves |
第三人称 | itself | themselves |
例句:
- He hurt himself when he was playing basketball. (他打篮球时伤了自己。)
- I taught myself how to play the guitar. (我自学了吉他。)
易错点:
- 反身代词不能单独作主语:
- 错误: Myself went to the store.
- 正确: I went to the store myself.
- 部分动词后不接反身代词: 例如:concentrate, relax, focus 等。
- 错误: I need to concentrate myself on my work.
- 正确: I need to concentrate on my work.
4. 指示代词 (Demonstrative Pronouns)
指示代词用于指示特定的人或事物,可以指代前面提到的事物,也可以指代后面将要提到的事物。
指示代词 | 单数/复数 | 用法 |
---|---|---|
this | 单数 | 指代近处的人或事物 |
these | 复数 | 指代近处的人或事物 |
that | 单数 | 指代远处的人或事物,或前面提到过的事物 |
those | 复数 | 指代远处的人或事物,或前面提到过的事物 |
例句:
- This is my book. That is your book. (this 指代近处的书,that 指代远处的书)
- He bought a new car. That is a nice car. (that 指代前面提到的新车)
易错点:
- this/these 和 that/those 的区分: 注意区分近处和远处。
- that 和 which 的区分: that 和 which 都可以引导定语从句,但 that 可以指代人或事物,而 which 只能指代事物。
5. 疑问代词 (Interrogative Pronouns)
疑问代词用于引导特殊疑问句,在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。
疑问代词 | 用法 | 例句 |
---|---|---|
who | 主格,指人 | Who is that man? (那个人是谁?) |
whom | 宾格,指人 | Whom did you see yesterday? (你昨天看见谁了?) |
whose | 所有格,指人或事物 | Whose book is this? (这本书是谁的?) |
which | 指代人或事物,用于提供选择范围 | Which dress do you like better, the red one or the blue one? (你更喜欢哪件衣服,红色的还是蓝色的?) |
what | 指代事物,用于询问职业、内容等 | What do you do? (你是做什么工作的?) |
例句:
- Who broke the window? (谁打破了窗户?)
- What is your name? (你叫什么名字?)
- Which color do you prefer? (你更喜欢哪种颜色?)
易错点:
- who 和 whom 的区分: who 作主语,whom 作宾语。
- what 和 which 的区分: what 用于开放性的问题,which 用于提供选择范围的问题。
6. 不定代词 (Indefinite Pronouns)
不定代词用于指代不确定的人或事物,常见的包括:
- some 和 any: some 用于肯定句,any 用于否定句和疑问句。
- I have some apples.
- I don’t have any apples.
- Do you have any apples?
- one: 指代前面提到过的可数名词单数。
- I need a pen. Do you have one?
- all, both, many, much, few, little: 表示数量的不定代词。
- All of us are students.
- Both of my parents are teachers.
- I have many books.
- He doesn’t have much money.
- Few people came to the party.
- There’s little milk left in the fridge.
易错点:
- some 和 any 的用法: 注意在肯定句、否定句和疑问句中的不同用法。
- much 和 many 的区分: much 用于不可数名词,many 用于可数名词。
- few 和 little 的用法: few 用于可数名词,little 用于不可数名词,都表示数量少,但 few 强调几乎没有,带有否定含义,little 则表示数量少,但并非没有。
7. 关系代词 (Relative Pronouns)
关系代词引导定语从句,并在从句中代替先行词。
关系代词 | 用法 | 例句 |
---|---|---|
who | 指人,在从句中作主语或宾语 | The man who is wearing a black coat is my father. (穿黑色外套的那个人是我爸爸。) |
whom | 指人,在从句中作宾语 | The woman whom you saw yesterday is my mother. (你昨天看见的那个女人是我妈妈。) |
whose | 指人或事物,在从句中作定语 | This is the student whose book I borrowed. (这就是我借了他书的那个学生。) |
which | 指事物,在从句中作主语或宾语 | The car which is parked outside is mine. (停在外面的那辆车是我的。) |
that | 指人或事物,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,通常用于限制性定语从句,即先行词需要从句修饰才能确定意义 | This is the book that I bought yesterday. (这就是我昨天买的那本书。) |
例句:
- The woman who is standing over there is my teacher. (站在那边的那个女人是我的老师。)
- The book which I borrowed from the library is very interesting. (我从图书馆借的那本书很有趣。)
易错点:
- 关系代词的选用: 应根据先行词和关系代词在从句中充当的成分选择正确的关系代词。
- that 和 which 的区分: that 和 which 都可以引导定语从句,但 that 可以指代人或事物,而 which 只能指代事物。
四、代词的其它语法知识点
- 代词的一致性: 代词的人称、数和性应与其所指代的名词保持一致。
- 错误: The dog wagged their tail.
- 正确: The dog wagged its tail.
- 代词的模糊指代: 避免使用代词时指代不明确。
- 模糊: John told his father that he was wrong. (谁错了?)
- 清晰: John told his father, “You are wrong.”
- 避免代词堆积: 过多的代词会使句子难以理解。
- 冗长: He gave it to her, and she gave it to him.
- 简洁: He gave the book to her, and she gave it back to him.
五、总结
代词是英语语法中非常重要的一部分,掌握代词的用法对于提高英语写作和口语水平至关重要。学习过程中要注意区分不同种类代词的用法,避免常见错误,并通过大量练习巩固所学知识。
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