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副词基础知识
一、什么是副词?
副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句的词,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
记忆技巧:副词的英文单词是 adverb,“verb” 是动词的意思,“ad” 有添加、补充之意,所以副词可以简单理解为补充说明动词的词。
举例说明:
- She sings beautifully. (她唱歌唱得很优美。)
- beautifully 是副词,修饰动词 sings,说明唱歌的方式。
- He is very tall. (他非常高。)
- very 是副词,修饰形容词 tall,说明程度。
- They arrived extremely late. (他们到得极其晚。)
- extremely 是副词,修饰副词 late,说明迟到的程度。
- Fortunately, nobody was hurt. (幸运的是,没有人受伤。)
- Fortunately 是副词,修饰整个句子,表示说话人的态度或语气。
二、副词的分类(按功能分)
类别 | 功能 | 例句 |
---|---|---|
方式副词 | 说明动作发生的方式 | He speaks slowly and clearly. (他缓慢而清晰地说话。) |
程度副词 | 说明动作或状态的程度 | I am very tired. (我很累。) |
时间副词 | 说明动作发生的时间 | They arrived yesterday. (他们昨天到的。) |
地点副词 | 说明动作发生的地点 | The book is here. (书在这里。) |
频率副词 | 说明动作发生的频率 | He often goes to the gym. (他经常去健身房。) |
疑问副词 | 用于引导特殊疑问句,包括 how, when, where, why 等 | When did you arrive? (你什么时候到的?) |
连接副词 | 连接两个句子或从句,包括 however, therefore, moreover 等 | He was sick; therefore, he didn’t go to school. (他病了,因此他没有去上学。) |
关系副词 | 引导定语从句,包括 when, where, why 等 | That’s the reason why I was late. (这就是我迟到的原因。) |
句子副词 | 修饰整个句子,表示说话人的态度或语气,包括 fortunately, actually 等 | Honestly, I don’t know the answer. (老实说,我不知道答案。) |
三、副词的分类(按意义分)
类别 | 例词 | 例句 |
---|---|---|
时间副词 | now, then, yesterday, tomorrow, soon, already, still, yet, ago, recently, lately… | He will arrive tomorrow. (他将于明天抵达。) |
地点副词 | here, there, inside, outside, upstairs, downstairs, everywhere, anywhere, nowhere… | Please put the book there. (请把书放在那里。) |
程度副词 | very, quite, rather, too, enough, almost, completely, extremely, fairly, pretty… | This book is quite interesting. (这本书相当有趣。) |
频率副词 | always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, never, frequently, occasionally… | I always brush my teeth before bed. (我总是在睡前刷牙。) |
方式副词 | slowly, quickly, carefully, easily, happily, sadly, quietly, loudly, politely… | He drives carefully. (他开车很小心。) |
语气副词 | fortunately, unfortunately, surprisingly, honestly, frankly, obviously, certainly… | Fortunately, the weather was good. (幸运的是,天气很好。) |
四、副词的语法功能
- 作状语:这是副词最常见的用法,用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。
- 修饰动词:He runs quickly. (他跑得很快。)
- 修饰形容词:She is very beautiful. (她非常漂亮。)
- 修饰副词:He speaks extremely fast. (他说话极其快。)
- 修饰句子:Unfortunately, he missed the train. (不幸的是,他错过了火车。)
- 作表语:一些表示位置或状态的副词可以作表语。
- The meeting is off. (会议取消了。)
- I’m upstairs. (我在楼上。)
- 作定语:少数副词可以放在名词后面作定语,相当于形容词。
- the room above (楼上的房间)
- the people here (这里的人们)
- 作宾语补足语:一些副词可以放在宾语后面,补充说明宾语的动作或状态。
- Let him in. (让他进来。)
- I found the book there. (我在那里找到了那本书。)
五、副词的位置规则
- 方式副词、地点副词、时间副词的排序一般为:方式 + 地点 + 时间
- She sang beautifully at the concert last night. (她昨晚在音乐会上唱得很好听。)
- 程度副词通常放在被修饰的形容词或副词前面。
- He is very tall. (他很高。)
- She speaks extremely quickly. (她说话极其快。)
- 频率副词通常位于实义动词之前,be 动词、助动词和情态动词之后。
- He often goes to the cinema. (他经常去看电影。)
- She is always late. (她总是迟到。)
- 句子副词的位置比较灵活,可以放在句首、句中或句尾,用逗号隔开。
- Fortunately, he passed the exam. (幸运的是,他通过了考试。)
- He passed the exam, fortunately. (他通过了考试,幸运的是。)
- 修饰整个句子的副词通常放在句首,用逗号与句子隔开。
- Generally speaking, women live longer than men. (总的来说,女性比男性寿命长。)
六、多个副词时的排序规则
当一个句子中出现多个副词时,其排序一般遵循以下规则:
- 程度副词 + 方式副词 + 地点副词 + 时间副词
- 小地点 + 大地点
- 具体时间 + 模糊时间
例如:
- She sang very beautifully (程度+方式) at the school concert (小地点) in London (大地点) last night (时间).
(她昨晚在伦敦的学校音乐会上唱得非常优美。)
七、表感觉的现在分词和过去分词做表语和定语的不同
- 现在分词(-ing) 通常用于描述事物或人本身具有的性质,即“令人……的”,常做定语或表语。
- surprising news (令人惊讶的消息)
- The movie was exciting. (这部电影令人兴奋。)
- 过去分词(-ed) 通常用于描述人对事物或人作出的感受,即“感到……的”,常做表语。
- I was surprised by the news. (我被这个消息吓了一跳。)
- He felt excited about the journey. (他对这次旅行感到兴奋。)
易错点:中国学生容易混淆现在分词和过去分词作表语和定语时的区别。需要牢记:-ing 修饰物,-ed 修饰人。
八、副词的比较级、最高级、同级比较
- 比较级和最高级:与形容词类似,一些副词也有比较级和最高级形式。
- 规则变化:加 -er/-est (hard – harder – hardest)
- 不规则变化:需特殊记忆 (well – better – best)
- 同级比较:用 as … as … 表示“和……一样……”,否定形式用 not as/so … as … 表示“不如……”。
- He runs as fast as his brother. (他跑得和他哥哥一样快。)
- She doesn’t sing as well as her sister. (她唱歌不如她姐姐好听。)
例句:
- He speaks English more fluently than me. (他说英语比我流利。)
- She runs the fastest in our class. (她是我们班跑得最快的。)
九、副词除上述功能之外的语法知识点
- 某些副词具有两种形式,一种与形容词相同,另一种以 -ly 结尾,两者意思有所区别。
- He worked hard. (他工作努力。)
- He can hardly speak English. (他几乎不会说英语。)
- 有些副词可以修饰介词短语或从句。
- The dog is right under the table. (狗就在桌子底下。)
- He arrived just as I was leaving. (我正要离开时,他来了。)
十、总结
副词在英语语法中扮演着重要的角色,掌握副词的分类、功能、位置规则以及比较级等知识点对于准确理解和表达英语句子至关重要。建议同学们在学习过程中多加练习,熟练掌握副词的用法。
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